Ulrich Zwingli has been called the third man of the Reformation; third behind Martin Luther and John Kalvin. Ulrich was a scholar, priest and reformist. Ulrich was born a couple of months after Martin. Ulrich graduated from the University of Basel in 1506. and became the parish priest in Glarus. From the beginning he took his priestly duties seriously. The feeling of responsibility motivated him to show an increasing interest in the Bible. He bought a copy of Erasmus’s New Testament Latin translation He began to teach himself Greek and bought Erasmus Greek N.T. and started to memorize long passages. Privately he started to challenge the customs of medieval Christendom he thought were unbiblical. Ulrich moved to Zurich in 1518 just a year after Martin Luther began the Reformation in Germany with his famous 99Theses. Ulrich had his own equivalent the 67 conclusions. He struggled with celibacy. He secretly married in 1522. In January 1523 he was ready to share his ideas. Before the Zurich City Council he gave the what is now called the FIrst Disputation. The second Disputation happened in October. The reforms which followed were the removal of images of Jesus and Mary, saints removed from churches, the Bible to have preeminence. In 1524 he was publicly married. In 1525 he and others convinced the city to abolish mass and replace it with a simple service that included the Lord’s Supper but only as a symbolic memorial. Under the leadership of Ulrich the Swiss Confederation was creating a parallel movement to what Martin Luther was creating in Germany. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw the potential of an alliance between Ulrich and Martin. In 1529 they met at his castle - now known as the Colloquay of Marlburg . The two movements agreed on 14 points of doctrine, the 15th point they disagreed over the Lord’s Supper. Luther preached consubstantiation - actual body and blood of Christ, Ulrich said it was only representative and memorial. It was evident no alliance was going to work. Ulrich died two years later in a battle defending Zurich against Catholic forces. Under Heinrich Bullinger, Ulrich’s successor, this unique branch of the Protestant Reformation continued to blossom.

I have put together some sheets about St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. There is a cover followed by two information sheets and two large font sheets detailing basic data. There are two ‘gap’ pieces of work (differentiated), a crossword which requires a picture answer, a word search, sheets about words found in Patrick, pictorial information how St. Patrick’s flag became part of the Union Jack, plus ideas for a diary and a ‘blank’ for the ‘best’ copy diary. He landed in Ireland in 433 on the east coast. He was welcomed by Dichu, a local chief, whose fortress was Downpatrick. He received the gospel and became his first convert. As he travelled through Ireland he established many monasteries, some of them housing several thousand monks. St. Patrick had the distinction of establishing the first church in the west that was outside the Roman Empire On Saint Patrick’s day everything is green. There are parades, ceilithes and shamrocks. David Woodroffe, a professional illustrator, created the art work I have used. Palladius was the first bishop of the early Christians in Ireland. It is possible that some elements of the life stories of Patrick and Palladius were later conflated (combined) in Irish tradition. Sources Wikipedia The Church’s Year by Charles Alexander 70 Great Christians by Geoffrey Hanks

Martin Butzer (Bucer) was a German Protestant reformer based in Strasbourg. He was originally a member of the Dominican Order but after meeting and being influenced by Martin Luther in 1518 he had his monastic vows annulled and began to work for the Reformation with the support of Franz von Sickingen. He acted as mediator between Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli who differed on the doctrine of the Eucharist. He believed that the Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire could join the Reformation. He tried to unite Protestants and Catholics to create a German national church separate from Rome.He hoped for ecumenism between the two of them but it resulted in his excommunication from his Catholic church in Wissembourg. and him having to flee to Strasbourg. Under duress in 1548 he signed the Augsburg Interim -which imposed certain forms of Catholic worship while he continued to promote reforms in Strasbourg. .This resulted in him having to leave. In 1549 he was exiled in England under the guidance of Thomas Cranmer… He died in Cambridge in 1551 aged 59. H His writings influenced Lutheran. Calvinist and Anglican doctrines and practices. He is remembered as an early pioneer of ecumenism. (Notes on Franz von Sickingen (1481-1523) included) Sources Wikipedia 70 Great Christians by Geoffrey Hanks

Heinrich was the successor to Huldrych Zwingli. He became the head of the Church of Zurich and pastor at the Grossmunster. Aged 11 he was sent to St. Martin’ s Latin school. His father refused to pay for his food so his son had to beg for bread for 3 years -this was so his son would learn/have empathy with the poor. Aged 14 he went to the University of Cologne. Aged 19 exposed to Reformation teaching and was converted to Protestantism. Aged 18 (1522), now a follower of Martin Luther, earned a MA, and ceased to receive the Eucharist. 1523-8 taught at a Cistercian monastery Kappel Abbey. In 1529 married Anna Adlischweiler. They had 11 children, 5 girls and 6 boys. 5 of the boys became Protestant ministers. 1528-31 in Hausen took up a part time preaching position. In 1529 his father renounced Roman Catholicism and Heinrich was chosen to replace his father as the new Reform minister in Bremgarten… He preached 4 sermons each week and held a daily, well attended bible study. at 3 pm. His father officially married his mother in a reform ceremony in Bremgarten. His ministry in Zurich began in 1531 and continued until his death in 1575. His main theological work was the * Dekaden *or The Decades which is a compilation of 50 sermons There are about 12,000 letters in existence from or to Heinrich. Heinrich was one of the most important leaders of the Swiss Reformation. He co-authored the Helvetic Confessions and collaborated with John Calvin to work out a Reformed doctrine of the Last Supper/ Eucharist. Sources Wikipedia 70 Great Christians by Geoffrey Hanks

Saint Francis was a Basque cleric. He was a Catholic missionary and saint who co-founded with Saint Ignatius of Loyola and 5 other companions the Society of Jesus ( the Jesuits) in 1540. It was founded in Paris France and formalised in Rome. They are called Soldiers of Christ, and foot soldiers of the Pope because Ignatius was a knight before he became a priest. He was influential in evangelization work, most notably in early modern India. As a representative of the Portuguese Empire he led the first Christian mission to Japan He was also the first Christian missionary to venture into Borneo. Modern scholars suggest that in his life time he converted 30,000 to Christianity. He was beatified on 25th October 1619 by Pope Paul V. He was canonized on 12th March 1622 by Pope Gregory XV. Our present day Pope Francis is a Jesuit. Sources Wikipedia 70 Great Saints by Geoffrey Hanks

Ignatius was born Inigo Lopez to a noble and wealthy Basque family. He went to the Spanish court to become a page. He joined the army. In the battle with the Frehch for the town of Pamplona, Spain, he was hit by a cannon ball the size of a fist. The 5 feet 2 inch Inigo five was helped back to Loyola by French soldiers. he underwent surgery but he was left with a limp in his right leg. During the 7 weeks of recovery he began reading spiritual books and visions. By the time he had recuperated he had resolved to live a life of austerity to do penance for his sins. In February 1522 he left for Montserrat, a pilgrim site in N.E. Spain. He confessed his sins and hung up his sword and dagger, donned sack cloth and lived like a beggar. He attend mass daily and spent 7 hours in prayer, often in a cave near Manresa. There he sketched the fundamentals for Spiritual Exercises - a guide to convert the heart and mind to a closer following of Jesus Christ After a pilgrim a to the Holy Land he headed for Europe. He went to Alcala (now Barcelona) to study for 12 years where he acquired followers. Still not ordained he became distrusted by the church hierarchy. 1534 Ignatuis and his followers took vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. 1537, in Venice, they were ordained. 1540, gained Pope’s approval and named Society of Jesus. 1541 Ignatius, aged 50, elected superior general of his new order. The vision and disciplines of the * Jesuits* caught the imagination of Europe. These zealous monks were successful in checking the forces of Protestantism in parts of Europe. They gained a wide spread reputation for their fanatical willingness to do almost anything to advance the cause of the Roman Catholic church. This movement, later known as the Counter-Reformation was chiefly spearheaded by the Society of Jesus- the Jesuits founded by Ignatius and 6 others. It aimed at recovering the Catholic Faith in Europe and taking it to other parts of the world and combating the ’ heresy’ of Protestantism. Ignatius wanted to revive the church in China. He died in 1556 on route to China. Ignatius’s Spiritual Exercises have been in constant use for nearly 500 years. The Constitution of the Society of Jesus was probably the most important work of his later years. There is no doubt that friend and foe alike saw Ignatius and the Jesuits as a key factor in reviving and strengthening the Roman church after 1550. In 2013 Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina became Pope Francis, the first Jesuit to be elected pope. Sources used Wikipedia Christianity Today Great Leaders of the Christian Church Woodbridge contribution from Robert D. Linder Britannica Online Encyclopedia 70 Great Christian by Geoffrey Hanks

The members of the Society are men. *Members of the Society of Jesus make profession of perpetual poverty, chastity and obedience and promise a special obedience to the sovereign pontiff *( the Pope) Accordingly, to the opening lines of the founding document declared that the society was founded for whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God, to strive especially for the defense and propagation of the faith and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine. There were 7 co- founders in 1540. Saint Ignatius of Loyola 1491-1556 See separate entry Saint Francis Xavier 1506-1552 See separate entry Saint Peter Father 1506-1546 Alfonso Salmeron 1515-1585 Diego Laynez 1510-1585 NIcholas Bobadilla 1509-1590 Simao Rodrigues 1510-1579 I have included information about the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the other 5 co-founders. Within the Catholic Church there has been s sometimes tense relationship between Jesuits and the Vatican. This is due to questioning of official Church teaching and papal directives. The current pope, Pope Francis, is a Jesuit. Source Wikipedia

The Puritan revolt against the Church of England (C 0f E) made steady progress during the first half of the17th century. Richard, born In Rowton, Shropshire, who came to faith when he was about 15 years old, became an English nonconformist leader and theologian He made his reputation in the late 1630’s by his ministry in Kidderminster, where he began a long and prolific career as a theological writer. He became one of the most influential leaders of the nonconformist movement and as a result spent 2 terms in prison ( the second time after a ‘trial’ before the notorious Chief Justice Jeffrey when he was aged 69). (Read Legal Troubles). He regarded all forms of church government as secondary to religious practice,. He never went to university, instead he was placed under a few local clergymen in Ludlow. In 1638 he was offered the headship of the Endowed School at Dudley. He had a great desire to lead men to Christ. In April 1641, aged 26, following a sermon, he was unanimously elected minister of St Mary and All Saints Church, Kidderminster. He stayed for 19 years. During that time he accomplished many reforms.he united the various ministries into an association irrespective of their differences. The Reformed Pastor, which he published, dealt with general ministerial efforts he promoted. In 1647 while recovering from a debilitating illness he wrote* *The Saints’ Everlasting Rest *(1650). During the English Civil War (1645-7) -he reluctantly became a chaplain to Cromwell’s ‘roundheads’ and wrote his Aphorisms of Justification(1649) which excited great controversy(1650). In 1650 he received a letter with 265 signatures asking him to return to Kidderminster. He returned there as a lecturer. He worked with the vicar preaching the gospel and acting as pastor to the flock. In 1662 following the Act of Uniformity and refusing the appointment of Bishop of Hereford, he was expelled from the C of E. From 1662 until the indulgence in 1687 he was constantly disturbed by persecution. Placed in prison for keeping a convenicle ( a secret or unlawful religIous meeting, typically nonconformist). From 1687 until his death in 1691 his life passed peacefully.He died worn out by several bouts of illness and persecution. His funeral was attended by both churchmen and dissenters. During his lifetime he wrote 168 or so separate works. ( Read Theology) He also was a prodigious hymn writer. His sensitive conscience led him into conflict with almost all the contending parties in state and church but he was also one of the most influential leaders of the nonconformist movement in the 17th century. Sources Wikipedia 70 Great Christians by Geoffrey Hanks